FIFTH Class Engineer

Requirements
(Low Pressure)   
Minimum age: 18
Education: High School Diploma or Equivalent or Trade School
Experience: 6 months,  approved training
Examination: Written
Maximum Prime Mover Hp (Unsupervised)
Maximum Boiler Hp (Unsupervised)

Testing Fundamentals
Curriculum for Fifth Class Engineer under the NIULPE program shall cover the Basic Fundamentals of Low Pressure Boilers.
1. Two common types of boilers ? fire tube and water tube: Description and characteristics and qualities of a good boiler.
2. Water Tube Hot Water Boilers:  Meaning and description of these terms: Low Pressure, High Pressure, Section I or V of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Safety Relief Valve, Temperature & Pressure gauges, Air Control, Flow Control, Pressure-Reducing Valve, Compression Tank, Aquastat, Diverter Fittings.
3. Cast Iron Sectional Boilers: Description and characteristics, uses and construction
4. Electrical Boilers: Description and characteristics, and construction
5. Boiler Fittings: Meaning and description of these terms: Safety Valves, Testing Safety, Valves, Compound Gauge, Pressure Gauge, Vacuum gauge, Pig Tails Siphon, U-Tube siphon, Water Column, Try Cocks, Operation Gauge Glass Flat and Tubular, Water Column Blow Down Valves, Gauge Glass Blow Down Valves, Bottom Blowdown Valves, Boiler Vents.
6. Boiler Water Chemistry: Meaning and description of these terms: Controlling High Water, Removal Sludge and Sediment, Controlling Chemicals, Dumping The Boiler, Surface Blowdown, Controlling Chemicals, Foaming, Priming, Carryover Boiler Water Treatment, Boiler Water Contamination.
7. Boiler Feedwater Treatment: Describe the measures for treatment of the following: Preventing Scale, Oxygen in Boiler , Water, Feeding Chemicals, Priming and carryover
8.  Fusible plug: Where placed, purpose, how kept in good condition, possible failures, description, installation and when, renewed.
9.  Instrumentation: Meaning and description of these terms; Pressure Control Devices, Mercury Tube Pressure Control, Mercury Pressure Control, Modulating Pressure Control, Modulating Pressure Control Operation
10. Draft Systems: Meaning and description of these terms: Natural Draft, Mechanical Draft, Forced Draft, Induced Draft, Balanced Draft, Measuring Draft, Controlling Draft.
11. Feedwater Systems: Meaning and description of these terms: Feedwater Valves, Feedwater Valve Operation City Water Makeup, Make Up Systems, Automatic makeup System. Feedwater Regulator.
12. Low Water Fuel Cutoff: Meaning and description of these terms: Low Water Fuel Cutoff Construction, Operation of the Low Water Fuel Cutoff, Testing the Low Water Fuel Cutoff
13. Fuel Oil System: Meaning and description of these terms: Viscosity, Flash Point, Fire Point, Pour Point, Types of Fuel Oil, BTU Valves, Fuel Oil Heaters, Fuel Oil Tanks, Duplex Strainer, Fuel Oil Pump, Burners and Types, Pressure Regulating Valve, Fuel Oil Piping, Instrumentation for Fuel Oil Systems
14. Boiler Operation: Standard Operation Practices: Taking Over A Shift, Boiler Startup Boiler Shut Down, Blowing Down A Boiler, Low Water Conditions, Furnace Explosions, Preparing for a Boiler Inspection, Boiler Lay-up, Broken Gauge Glass Operation, Cleaning The Gauge Glass, Correcting a Steam-bound Pump, Hydrostatic Test, Maintaining a Boiler Room Log
15. Dangerous conditions: When a boiler should not be operated. Causes of boilers being overheated or exploded.
16. Hot Water Heating Systems: Meaning and description of these terms: Natural Circulation Hot Water Heating System, Forced Circulation Hot Water heating System, Water Temperature Control.
17. Cooling Systems: Meaning and description of these terms: Cooling System Principles, Cooling System Operation, Compression System, Refrigerants, Absorption Systems, Lithium Bromide, Water System, Direct and Indirect Cooling Systems
18. Gas System: Meaning and description of these terms: Low Pressure System, High Pressure System, Gas Piping, Regulator, Blower, Manual Shutoff Valve, Mixing Chamber, Burner, Piping, Pressure Regulating Valve, Piping, Instrumentation, Combination Gas/Fuel Oil Burners
19. Coal Systems: Meaning and description of these terms: Safety Working with Coal: Hand Firing Coal, Stoker Fired; Screw-feed Stoker, Under-feed Stoker, Ram-feed Stoker, Starting a Stoker, Banking a Fire, Burning Down a Fire
20. Combustion: Meaning and description of these terms: : Mixtures of combustibles and air, methods of application and how controlled, purpose of setting, dampers, draft, chimneys or stacks, hand firing methods, Perfect, Complete, Incomplete, Primary Air, Secondary Air, Automatic Combustion Controls, Programmer, Microcomputer Burner Control System, Flame Scanner, Types, High Fire, Low Fire
21. Steam Systems & Steam Accessories: Meaning and description of these terms: Main Steam Stop Valve, Steam Valves Globe & Gate construction and operation, Steam Traps and Strainers types, testing and placement.
22. Plant Math:  Using plant Math to find: Total Force, Area of a Circle, Pressure, and Heating Surface
23. Boiler Room Safety: Preventing Boiler Room Accidents, Preventing Boiler Room Fires General Boiler Room Safety Rules.

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FOURTH Class Engineer

Requirements
Minimum age:  18
Education:  High School Diploma/GED or Equivalent and 3 credit hours of boiler training
Experience:  One Year
Examination: Written (Oral or Practical when necessary)
Maximum Prime Mover Hp: (Unsupervised)  500 Hp
Maximum Boiler Hp: (Unsupervised)  35 Bhp HP - Unlimited LP Maximum
Maximum Refrigeration or Air Conditioning: (Unsupervised) 100 ton

Note: With 6 credit hours of an approved classroom training and two years experience, this can constitute the first half of an apprenticeship program.

Testing Fundamentals
1. Two Common Types of Boilers - Fire tube and Water Tube:
2. Stays: Placement, purpose, types, description, care advantages of various types, potential failures.
3.  Heating Surface: Meaning of these terms, grate Surface, fire line, water level, fire tubes, water tubes.
4. Cleaning and inspection of boiler settings.
5. Starting clean boilers: Manhole covers, how replaced and removed, rising steam, cutting into live steam header, banking boiler and starting after banked.
6. Dangerous conditions: When a boiler should not be operated. Causes of boiler tube failures and starting after having been banked.
7. Corrosion, pitting, priming and foaming, bulging, bagging: Meaning of each, where found and how created, dangers and remedies.
8. Water column: Placement, function, how held in place, length, care, what could affect its efficiency, maintenance, valves and cocks needed, how and when tested, maintenance, potential failures, how and when tested.
9.  Water glass: Placement, function, how held in place, length, maintenance, potential failures, how and when tested.
11. Steam Gauge and siphon: Placement, principle, function, care maintenance, how and when tested.
12. Safety Valve and rupture-discs: Placement, function, care, maintenance, how and when tested, description, potential failures, adjustment for pressure.
13. Elementary combustion: Mixtures of combustibles and air, methods of application and how controlled, purpose of setting, dampers, draft, chimneys or stack, hand firing methods, heating values of anthracite or bituminous coal, oil and gas.
14. Operation of oil or gas burners and electric boilers:  Installation, starting care, possible failures, controls, safety devices.
15.  Operation of stoker:  Starting, purpose, maintenance, care, potential failures, advantage and disadvantages.
16.  Feedwater, piping and valves: Location, care, maintenance, potential failures. Reason for valves on piping, how kept in good condition. Reason for internal pipe.
17.  Blowdown valves, piping and tank: Location, purpose, potential failures, care.
18.  Steam non-return valve, expansion joints, heaters, steam separator, sight feed lubricator, steam trap, reducing valve, Feedwater regulator:    Function care and location.
19. Pumps - Simplex, duplex, vacuum, centrifugal. Care, maintenance, purpose, potential failure, remedies, description.
20.  Injectors, ejectors, and eductors: Function, principle, care, maintenance, cleaning and inspection, how often, purpose, valves.
21.  Air compressors: Dangers in operation, maintenance, correct operating procedure.
22.  Refrigeration compressor, condenser, receiver, evaporator, purge, expansion valve, charting, liquid, suction, discharge, cross over valves: Purpose, location, dangers, correct operation procedures.
23.  Feedwater heaters: Types, purpose, advantages, methods of heating Feedwater, applications, potential failures.
24.  Steam plant accessories:  Back pressure valves, non-return valves, throttle valves, expansion joints, feedwater regulators, steam separators, sight feed lubricators, steam traps, reducing valves, sprinkler systems, function, location, operation and care.
25.  Steam condensers: General knowledge of condensers, where, how and why the are used. General care and upkeep of condenser auxiliaries.
26.   Steam Engines: Types, setting valves, purpose of flywheel, eccentric, governor, cross head, lap and lead, angle of advance, valve travel and cut off, methods of lubrication, and application to various parts, starting and stopping, maintenance and care.
27.   Steam turbines: Types, general knowledge of lubrication system, governors, and throttle valves.
28.   Electrical equipment:  Fuses, cut outs, relays, switches, circuit breakers, purposes and comparative applications. Dangerous conditions in operation of a motor. Prevention of starting. Size of fuses. Carrying capacities of wares for lighting circuits. Volts, ampere, watt, ohm, D.C., A.C. electrical conductor, electric insulator. Meaning of these terms. Difference between an electric generator and motor.
29. Operation and maintenance of controls.
30.  Air pollution and ecology.
31.  Heating, air conditioning and ventilation:  methods, controls, meaning of water hammer, piping arrangements, radiation, vacuum and plenum systems in mechanical ventilation, gravity vacuum and plenum systems in mechanical ventilation, gravity and vacuum stem system. Care and maintenance.
32.  Feedwater treatment: meaning, purpose, how applied and controlled, dangers of over-treatment and under-treatment.
33.  Scale and Mud:  Where found, cause, prevention, effect, dangers, removal.
34.  Mathematics:  A knowledge sufficient to solve any simple problem involving division and multiplication.
35.   Plant Safey

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THIRD Class Engineer
Requirements
(High Pressure)
Minimum age:  19
Education: High School Diploma / GED or equivalent and 6 credit hours of boiler training.
Experience:  Two years
Examination : Written ( Oral or Practical when necessary)
Minimum time in previous grade:  One year
Maximum Prime Mover Hp: (Unsupervised)  1000 Hp
Maximum Boiler Hp: (Unsupervised)  300 Bhp HP - Unlimited LP Maximum
Maximum Refrigeration or Air Conditioning: (Unsupervised) 500 ton

Note: With 12 credit hours of approved training and four years experience this can constitute a full apprenticeship program.

Testing Fundamentals
1. Two common types of boilers - fire tube and water tube: Description and characteristics, qualities for a good type of boiler.
2. Stays: Where placed, purpose, types, description, care advantages of various types, potential failures.
3. Grate surface, fire line, water level, fire tubes, water tubes, heating surface: Meaning of these terms.
4. Cleaning and inspection of boiler and setting.
5. Starting clean boiler: Man hole covers, how replaced and removed, raising steam, cutting into live steam header, banking boiler and starting after bank.
6. Dangerous conditions: When a boiler should not be operated, causes of boilers being burned or exploded.
7. Corrosion, pitting, priming and foaming, bulging, bagging: Meaning of each, where found and how created, dangers and remedies.
8. Water column: Location, function, how held in place, length, what could affect its efficiency, maintenance, valves and cocks needed, how and when tested.
9.  Water glass: Placement, function, how held in place, length, maintenance, valves needed, replacement, how and when tested.
10. Steam gauge and siphon: Where and how placed, principle, function, maintenance, failures, how and when tested.
11. Fusible plug: Location, purpose, maintenance, potential failures, description, Installation, when renewed.
12. Safety valve and rupture discs: Placement, function, care, how and when tested, description, what could go wrong, adjustment for pressure.
13. Elementary combustion: Mixtures of combustibles and air, methods of application and how controlled, purpose of setting, draft, chimneys or stacks, hand firing methods, heating value of anthracite and bituminous coal, oil and gas, description.
14. Operation of oil and gas burners and electric boilers: Installation, starting, care, failures, controls, safety devices.
15. Operation of stoker: Starting, purpose, maintenance, what could go wrong, advantages and disadvantages.
16. Feedwater, piping and valves: Location, care, how kept in good condition, potential failures, reason for valves on piping, valve maintenance, reason for internal pipe.
17. Blow down valves, piping and tank: Placement, purpose, maintenance, failures.
18. Steam nonreturn valve, expansion joints, heaters, steam separator, sight feed     lubricator, steam trap reducing valve, feed water regulator: Function, use and location.
19. Pumps - simplex, duplex, vacuum, rotary, centrifugal: Maintenance, purpose, potential failures, remedies, description.
20. Injector: Function, principle, care, maintenance, cleaning and inspection, how often, purpose, valves.
21. Air compressor: Dangers in operation, maintenance, correct operating procedures.
22. Refrigeration compressor, condenser, receiver, evaporator, purge, expansion, charging, liquid, suction, discharge, cross over valves: Purpose, location, dangers, correct operating procedures.
23. Feedwater heaters: Types, purpose, advantages, methods heating feed water, applications, failures.
24.  Combined Cycle Turbines: Thermodynamic principles, combined cycle power generation, steam turbines, heat recovery steam generators, gas turbines, generators, and auxiliary systems.
25.  Heat engines: General knowledge of types - internal and external combustion, gas turbines, Combined Cycle Units.
26.  Electrical equipment: Fuses, cut outs, relays, switches, circuit breakers - purposes and comparative applications; dangerous conditions in operation of a motor; prevention of starting; sizes of fuses; carrying capacities of wires for lighting circuits; volt, ampere, watt, Ohm, DC, AC electrical conductor, electrical insulator - meaning of these terms; difference between electric generator and motor.
27.  Operation and maintenance of controls.
28.  Air pollution and ecology.
29.  Scale and mud: Where found, cause, prevention, effect, dangers, removal, reduction.
30.  Feedwater treatment: Meaning, purpose, how applied and controlled, dangers of over? treatment and under? treatment.
31. Gas Turbines/ Combined Cycles: Gas Turbine theory, Brayton Cycle, Rankine Cycle, Simple Cycle Gas Turbine. Gas Turbine construction, aeroderivative, heavy duty. Heat Recovery Steam Generators, Operating System, function, and principles of operation, HRSG low-pressure section, intermediate section, high-pressure section and components.
32. Mathematics: knowledge sufficient to solve any simple problem involving division and multiplication.
33. Plant safety.

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Second Class Engineer
Requirements
Minimum age  20
Education:  High School Diploma / GED or Equivalent
Experience:  Three years
Examination:  Written (Oral or Practical when necessary)
Minimum time in previous grade:  One year
Maximum Prime Mover Hp: (Unsupervised)  2500 Hp
Maximum Boiler Hp: (Unsupervised)  600 Bhp HP  Unlimited LP
Maximum Refrigeration or Air Conditioning: (Unsupervised) - 1000 tons

Note: Boiler ratings in Pounds per Hour ( more common for large boilers may be calculated by multiplying Rated Boiler Horsepower by 345.

Testing Fundamentals
1. Types of boilers: Construction details, how installed in setting, purpose of each and where used to best advantage. Superheaters, air preheaters, economizers, dry pipes, internal baffles, fusible plugs (type and where installed). Types of internal feed pipes, steam and safety valve outlets, caulking tools, tube cutters, expanders and beading tools.
2. Stays: Where used, purpose, types, description, care, advantages and disadvantages of types.
3. Boiler Joints: Types, riveting and welding procedures - where used, relative strength of each type and various locations. What could go wrong, remedies. Testing tightness of rivets. Meaning of single and double sheer.
4. Boiler and furnace:
Washing of shell and tubes, cleaning and inspection, how often, purpose, valves fittings and settings, description of methods and parts checked. Tube, shell scrapers, and brushes, air and water tubing tools.
5. Corrosion, pitting, grooving, fire cracks, bulging, bagging, blistering: Causes, dangers, prevention and remedies.
6. Water glass and column: Maintenance, what could go wrong with either, importance as a safety factor in operating.
7. Steam gauge and siphon:  Principle of operating, where placed, care, failure, how and when tested, importance as a safety factor in operating.
8. Safety valve, relief valves, and rupture discs: Purpose, care, how and when tested, description, potential failures, adjustment for blow down, reason for chatter, how drains and outlet piping installed.
10. Elementary combustion:  Difference in heating value between anthracite and bituminous coal, oil, gas and coke. Cause and prevention of smoke, purpose of stack damper, methods of firing. Purpose of baffles, bridge walls, and combustion chamber. Cause of clinkers, how reduced and how removed. Maintenance and repair.
11. Soot: Effect, prevention and removal, operation of soot blowers, loss of efficiency due to soot.
12. Draft: What is it? How created? Purpose, types, controls, measurement, factors affecting draft, purpose of chimney, amount of draft created by chimney per 100 feet of height.
13.  Operation of an oil or gas burner and electric boilers: Starting, stopping, controls, safety devices, types of oils in oil burning installations and how used, types of burners, dangers connected with oil burning installations, care of automatic equipment and knowledge of what could go wrong.
14.  Operation of stokers: Types, how started, how controlled, advantages, maintenance, how ashes are removed.
15.  Feed water piping and valves: Location, care, typical installations.
16.  Description of simplex, duplex, rotary, centrifugal and vacuum pumps: Starting a feed pump, knowledge of proper operation, setting valves in steam pumps, lubrication, packing used and how to apply on all applications connected with steam feed pumps.
17.  Injector: Principle, purpose, construction, care and maintenance, how connected, malfunctions.
18. Air compressor systems: How to start, how to operate, details of cooling system and how controlled, details of lubrication, danger in operating air compressors, controls, filters and safety devices.
19.  Refrigeration: Starting, operating, cycle, purpose of safety head, charging, expansion, suction, discharge, cross over, purge, liquid and oil valves. Purpose of condenser, receiver, compressor, oil separator and evaporator, types of condensers. How ammonia is added and removed; how air is removed. How to defrost. Effect of excess oil, how to add oil, type of oil, type of packing, how to pack stuffing boxes, purpose of brine pumps.
20. Steam plant accessories: Back pressure valves, nonreturn valves, throttle valves, expansion joints, feed water regulators, steam separators, sight feed lubricators, steam traps, reducing valves, sprinkler systems - function, location, operation, care.
21. Steam condensers: General knowledge of condensers; where, how, and why they are used, general care and upkeep of condenser auxiliaries.
22.  Feed water heaters: Types, purposes, locations, advantages, disadvantages, maintenance. Potential failures.
23.  External engines: Types, setting valves, purpose fly wheel, eccentric, governor, cross head, lead, lap, angle of advance, valve travel and cut off, methods of lubrication and application to various parts, how started and how shut down, maintenance and care, dangers.
24. Steam turbines: General knowledge of the lubricating system, governors, and throttle     valves.
25. Internal Combustion: Types, what they are used for 2 stroke, 4 stroke, fuels/compression ratio, construction, solid fuel systems, lubrication principles, air intake systems, exhaust systems, injector systems.
26.  Electrical equipment: Definitions of switches, rheostats, circuit breakers, disconnects, rotors, stators, armatures, commutators, slip rings, two and three pole switches, volts, amperes, watts, Ohms, lamps in series, lamps in parallel. How current flows. Definitions of magnetism, induction, frequency, meaning of a short circuit and how it is caused. Meaning of a ground wire. How is electric current measured. Explanation of how two wires are formed into a joint. Calculations for computing sizes of fuses in lighting and motor circuits. Dangers connected with the operation of a motor or generator.
27.  Operation and maintenance of controls.
28.  Air pollution and ecology.
29.  Heating, air conditioning and ventilation: Methods, controls, meaning of water hammer, piping arrangements, radiation, vacuum and plenum systems in mechanical ventilation, gravity and vacuum steam systems, maintenance.
30.  Scale: What is it? How does it get into boiler? Dangers of too much, how prevented and how removed, where is it found?
31.  Feed water treatment: Methods, how applied and controlled. Knowledge of impurities in feed water and their affect on a boiler under pressure and temperature. How to reduce these affects. Priming and foaming, meaning, causes and remedies. Purpose of continuous blowdown and when used. Purpose of main blow down and when used.
32.  Mathematics: Sufficient knowledge to enable candidate to work problems involving multiplication, division, decimals, measurement, square roots of numbers, powers of numbers, reciprocals, ratio and proportion, and formulas.
32.  Gas Turbines/ Combined Cycles: Thermodynamic principles, heat energy, power laws, Combustion theory. Gas Turbine theory, Brayton Cycle, Rankine Cycle, Simple Cycle Gas Turbine . Heat Recovery Steam Generators, Operating System, function, principles of operation, HRSG low pressure section, intermediate section, high pressure section and components. Duct burners, economizer, fresh air systems, HRSG auxiliary systems. . Descriptions and sketches of Combined Cycle Units.
33. Plant Safety.

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First Class Engineer
Requirements
Minimum age: Adult
Education: High School Diploma / / GED or Equivalent
Experience: Four years
Examination:  Written (Oral or Practical when necessary)
Maximum Prime Mover Hp (Unsupervised):  7500 Hp
Maximum Boiler Hp (Unsupervised): 1500 Bhp HP - Unlimited LP
Maximum Refrigeration or Air Conditioning (Unsupervised):  5000 tons

Testing Fundamentals
1. Steam boilers and generators: Types of boilers, principles, advantages and is advantages. Steam, electric cylindrical, vertical, locomotive, water tube, fire tube, packaged boilers, flash boilers and Scotch marine boilers. Steam accumulators. Externally fired, internal fired boilers. Heating surfaces, how computed, types relative to horse power rating. Super heaters, pre? heaters, economizers, dry pipes, internal baffles. Where and how installed and purpose of each.
2.  Boiler construction: Various forms, plates, rivets and welding used. Meaning of shearing stress, tensile stress, modules of elasticity, bursting pressure, working pressure, factor of safety, tensile strength. Meaning of pitch percentage of plate strength, percentage of rivet strength, unit section of plate. How to calculate strength of boiler heads, shells, efficiency of joints, stays. Description and sketches of joints. Relative strengths of various joints and how computed. How to calculate combined efficiency of riveted joints. Computation of working pressure given, tensile, strength, factor of safety, thickness, radius of shell, and efficiency of a joint. Calculations for the tube ligaments and dished heads. Staying of flat surfaces, types of stays, limitation of stress and allowances for various types of stays. Constants for different forms and applications of stays, doubling plates. How to calculate the area of the heads or segments of boilers.
3.  Boiler settings: Types, purpose, description, radiation. Bridge walls, baffles, ignition, mixing and deflection arches, combustion chambers, furnaces. Meaning of refractory lining, combustion space, Dutch ovens. Importance of sufficient height over grates. Affect of combustion space on capacity and efficiency. How to build or repair bridge walls and setting. Sketches of typical settings. Materials and cements used.
4.  Inspection and testing: Washing of shell and tubes, cleaning and inspection, how often, purpose. Valves, fittings and settings. Description of method and parts checked, what to look for, possible defects and how corrected. Hydrostatic tests and how applied. Purpose and value.
5.  Fuels: Classification of wood, coals, gas, oil and waste heat. Coal sampling and analysis, comparative heat values of various coals and other fuels, applications of various fuels, storage of coal. Knowledge of the methods used in handling coal and ashes, losses in handling. Cause, prevention and removal of clinkers.
6.  Combustion: The combustion process and reactions. Theory and practice. Air requirements, supply and control. Draft measurement and controls. Description and sketches of various draft gauges. Dampers, purpose and controls. Amount of draft needed under and over fires. Balanced draft and its practical meaning. Description of flue gas analyzer, how and where used. Combustion efficiency and how obtained. Temperatures in the furnace and breeching. Excess air and its effect on efficiency. Advantages of forced and induced draft. Air pollution. Transfer of heat to boiler water. How heat is transferred.
7. Oil and gas burner installations: Types of burners, types of oils used in oil burning installations and how used. Dangers connected with burning installations. How to operate and maintain automatic equipment. Make sketch of one type each of industrial burner for gas and oil. A sketch of piping, valves and allied equipment for an oil fired package boiler.
8. Mechanical stokers: Types, principles, purpose, description, comparison. How operated, how maintained and repaired. Controls, what could go wrong, remedies.
9. Piping: Computation of sizes for water and steam, how installed, allowance for drainage and friction, flow of steam, Napiers rule, sizes of piping for pump discharge, and the feed line to boiler.
10. Pumps - General knowledge of a simplex, triplex, weir, rotary centrifugal and duplex or
vacuum pump: Knowledge of proper operation. Where installed. Lubrication. Types of water pistons. Performance. Packing uses and how applied. What could go wrong, how to calculate size of pump for a feed line to boiler rating and over rating.
11.  Air compressor systems: How to start, how to operate. Details of lubrication. Purpose of unloaders, description and sketches. Compound compressors, intercoolers, aftercoolers, air receivers, controls, filters and safety devices. Inspection. Dangers in operating air compressors .
12.  Refrigeration: Cycle theory of how heat is abstracted. Common refrigerants and their properties. Direct and indirect systems. Purpose, location and sketches of safety head, condenser, receiver, compressor, oil separator and evaporator. Types of condensers. How to operate refrigeration systems. How to charge, reduce or remove refrigerant from system. Changing or adding oil. Pumping out, condensing and defrosting, dangers in operating. Annual inspection. Why cooling water on compressor and condenser. How ice is manufactured. How ammonia leak is found and stopped. Refrigeration capacity and losses. How air is removed. Types of oil, how added, effect of too much. Types of packing, how applied. Purpose of brine pump. Controls, absorption systems, hand and automatic. Safety valves and discharge pipes.
13.  Steam plant auxiliaries: Superheaters, economizers, air preheaters, feedwater regulators, feed water heaters, temperature regulating valves. Flow meters, return thermostatic and bucket traps. Back pressure valves, nonreturn valves, safety valves, reducing valves, boiler feed pump governors, air unloaders, expansion joints, steam separators, oil burners, calorimeters, ejectors, siphon, sight feed lubricators. Descriptions and sketches of each.
14.  Feed water heaters: Types, sketches, saving fuel, deaerators, trays, filters, oil separators, back pressure valves. Position of various types, water measurements. Temperatures and pressures carried, water seals. Possible malfunctions.
15.  Steam condensers: General knowledge of the construction of the different types of condensers, together with a knowledge of their auxiliaries and advantages gained by the use of condensers on various types of engines and turbines.
16.  External engines: General knowledge of types - simple, compound, triple expansion, quadruple, uniflow, Corliss, high speed, slide valve. Specific knowledge of one type of engine. Governors, throttle, inertia, centrifugal, shaft. Sketches of governors. Types of valves. How to set valves on various types of engines. Methods of lubrication and application to various parts. How to start and how to shut down. Maintenance, care, and dangers. How to read indicators and indicator diagrams.
17.  Steam turbines: General knowledge of how turbines convert heat energy into mechanical energy and able to describe the bearing, oiling system, governors, and auxiliaries used with turbines. Specific knowledge of dangers relative to starting and stopping a steam turbine.
18.  Electricity: Meaning of terms - cycle, phase, starting torque voltage drop and voltage fluctuation, excitation, motor clearance, electrical horse power, auto transformer, starter taps, disconnect, inductance, collector rings, slip, commutator, switch board, ground wires, power factor, peak load, magnetizing current, circuit breaker, no voltage release, overload relay, transformer, bus bars, dynamometer, frequency reactance, resistor, synchronism, brush rocker, EMF impedance, interpole, lag, motor convertor, rheostat. Description of main types of AC motors, characteristics and applications. How these various types are started and controlled. Connection or wiring diagrams for each type. Description of auto transformer, starter, also of magnetic contractor starter, and of a triplex rheostat. Care and maintenance of electrical machinery and equipment. Troubles, testing, and correction.
19.  Heating, air conditioning and ventilation: Methods, controls, piping installations. Radiation, vacuum and plenum system in mechanical ventilation. Gravity and vacuum steam systems. Design, operation and maintenance.
20.  Feed water conditioning: General knowledge of the chemical changes that occur when feed water is heated in a boiler. Scale, what it is and what causes it, danger of too much. Impurities generally found in raw waters. Carry over, embrittlement, corrosion. Methods of conditioning, internal and external treatment. Hot and cold lime soda, Zeolite, demineralization, ion and anion exchanges, supplementary phosphate treatment. Caustic soda and its application. Water analysis, tests, parts per million, grains per gallon, soap hardness test. Alkalinity test (PM and PH), chloride, sulfite use of chelants, and phosphate tests, total dissolved solids.
21.  Mathematics: Knowledge of fractions, decimals, percentage and square root. Knowledge of how to find the area and circumference of a circle, also the volume of a cylinder. Understanding of the relationship between the sides of right angle triangles. Knowledge of the method of solving problems relating to a chain of gears, pulley sizes, rope blocks, screw jacks, levers, etc. Understanding of the factor of evaporation, equivalent evaporation, latent heat, total heat, and a definite understanding of the problem involving the abstraction or supply of heat, relation to heating water or making ice. How to solve problems in heat supplied and extracted. How to compare boiler performances. How to solve problems involving heat calculations of steam production, boiler efficiency and horse power. How to find the horse power of an engine from an indicator diagram. How to solve problems in heat supplied and heat extracted and how to compare boiler performances. How to solve problems involving heat calculations of steam production, boiler efficiency horse power. How to find the horse power of an engine from an indicator diagram. How to solve problems involving specific gravity, calculations involving steam pressure on areas, how stays are calculated and deigned. How to solve problems involving cost of operation relative to fuel and labor costs. How to calculate heating surface and horsepower of various types of boilers.
22.  Chemistry and physics: Basic fundamentals as applied to power plant theory and practice.
23.  Lubricating oils: Knowledge of the ingredients and qualities of oils. How they are filtered and applied. Storage of oils.
24.  Types of steam power plants: Simple, noncondensing, elementary condensing,
turbo-alternator plants, central stations, high pressure plants, super pressure plants (power). Distribution and losses in each type.
24.   General Knowledge: British thermal unit, foot pound, latent heat, specific gravity, specific heat, mechanical equivalent, inertia, convection, matter, momentum, siphon, clearance pockets, intercooler, aftercooler, horse power of boiler, horse power of engine, ton of refrigeration, axial flow, dynamic static, alkaline, freon, propane, atomic weight, barometer, hydrometer, Boyles Law, capillary, caustic soda, oscillation, center of gravity, centrifugal force, cohesion. Velocity Speed Acceleration Conversion (°F-°C-°R), mean effective pressure, density, back pressure, oxidation, thermal efficiency.
25.  Internal Combustion:  Types, what they are used for, 2 stroke, 4 stroke, fuels, gas fuels, compression ratio, construction, solid fuel systems, lubrication system, air intake systems, exhaust systems, injector systems, maintenance on and off line.
32.  Gas Turbines/ Combined Cycles:  Thermodynamic principles, heat energy, power laws, Combustion theory. Gas Turbine theory, Brayton Cycle, Rankine Cycle, Simple Cycle Gas Turbine . Gas Turbine construction, aeroderivative, heavy duty industrial, combustion system and arrangement. Gas Turbine Compressor System Gas Turbine Cooling System, Turbine Blade Cooling System. Environmental Aspects, Gaseous fuels, coal gasfication, solids fuels. Bearing System, Lubrication System. Heat Recovery Steam Generators, Operating System, function, principles of operation, HRSG low pressure section, intermediate section, high pressure section and components. Duct burners, economizer, fresh air systems, HRSG auxiliary systems.

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Chief Engineer
Requirements
Minimum age:  Adult
Education:   High School Diploma (Oral or Practical when necessary)
Experience :   Five years
Examination :   Written (Oral or Practical when necessary)
Minimum time in previous grade:   One year
Maximum Prime Mover Hp :   Unlimited
Maximum Boiler Hp:   Unlimited
Maximum Refrigeration or Air Conditioning (Unsupervised): Unlimited

Testing Fundamentals
1.  Steam boilers and generators: Types of boilers - waste heat, incinerators, cylindrical, vertical, horizontal, locomotive, fire tube (straight and bent tube), packaged boilers, flash boilers, Scotch Marine boilers, reheat and integral furnace boilers. Steam generators (modern central stations), monotone, forced circulation, radiant, mercury boilers - description and sketches.
2.  Boiler construction: Various forms, plates, rivets, stays, braces, joints, factors, welding, etc. (used under ASME Code).  Meaning of shearing, tensile stress, modules of elasticity, bursting pressure, working pressure, factor of safety, tensile strength. Meaning of pitch, percentage of plate and rivet strengths, unit, section of plate. How to calculate the strength of boiler heads, shells, stays, efficiency of joints. Description and sketches of joints. Relative strengths of various joints and how calculated. How to calculate combined efficiency of riveted joints. Computation of working pressure, given tensile strength, factor of safety, thickness and radius of shell, plus efficiency of joint. How to stay flat surfaces, including types of stays, allowances for limitation of stresses, and constants for various types of stays and doubling plates. How to calculate the area of the heads of segments of boilers, etc.
3.  Boiler settings: Types, purpose, descriptions and sketches. Radiation and bridge walls, ignition, mixing and deflection arches, baffles. Combustion chambers and furnaces. Meaning of refractory lining, combustion space, dutch ovens, extension front. Importance of sufficient heights over grates. Effect of combustion space on the capacity and efficiency. How to build or repair bridge walls and setting, materials and cements used in settings. Cyclone primary furnaces, solid refractory, air cooled or water cooled walls, water screens, slag tap, dry bottom, and hopper bottom furnaces.
4.  Inspection and testing:  Washing of shell and tubes, cleaning and inspection procedures relative to shell, how often and purpose. Cleaning and inspection of setting, auxiliaries, valves and fittings, description of methods used and parts checked. How to inspect, what to look for, possible defects and how corrected. Hydrostatic tests and how applied.
5.  Fuels: Classification of wood, coal, gas, oil and waste heat. Composition of coal, coal sampling and analysis, proximate and ultimate analysis, Dulongs formula. Comparative heat values of various coals and other fuels. Storage of coal and      other fuels. Losses in handling. Advantages and disadvantages of each type of fuel.
6.  Combustion:  Fundamentals of the chemistry of combustion, stages of combustion, the combustion process and reactions. Combustible constituents of various fuels, the incombustible for complete combustion. Theoretical and actual weight of air required per pound for combustibles. Flue gases and analysis, the flue gas analyzer apparatus, automatic flue gas recorder. Combustion efficiency and how obtained, excess air and its effect on efficiency. Value of CO2, CO and O2 readings. Air requirements, supply and control. Temperatures, measurement and controls in furnace, passes and breeching. Smoke, cause, measurement and prevention, smoke density recorder, Ringlemann chart. Losses due to flue gas, combustible in ash, moisture in fuel, moisture from combustion of hydrogen, moisture in air and radiation plus heat absorbed by boiler or a complete heat balance.
7.  Draft: Natural, chimneys, stacks, types and determination of size. Empirical chimney formulas, mechanical draft, induced and forced draft. Prat, Evase or Thermix systems. Balanced draft systems and controls, measurement of draft, descriptions and sketches of various draft gauges. Amount of draft needed under and over fire (in passes and stack in various settings and types of fuel and the methods of burning the fuel). Fans - types and controls. Breechings and dampers. Systems - description and sketches.
8.  Oil and gas burner installations: Types of burners, types of oils used in oil burning installations, heat values, how and where used. Methods of burning fuel oil, methods of burning gaseous fuels. Dangers connected with oil and gas burning installations. Description of controls. How to operate and maintain automatic equipment. Sketches of industrial burners for gas and oil, sketches of oil burning plant layouts.
9. Mechanical stokers: Types, overfeed, underfeed, chain grate, vibrating grate, spreader or sprinkler. Principles, purpose, description, comparison, sketches. How operated, maintained and repaired. Controls, what could go wrong and how to remedy.     Feed and driving mechanisms.
10.  Pulverized coal systems: Types, storage or central, direct or unit. Horizontal and vertical dryers. Applications, sketchesof pulverized systems. Vertical, horizontal, Tangential, cyclone, inter-lube burners and feeders. Vertical and horizontal pulverizers and dryers.
11.  Coal handling and ash handling equipment: Manual, conveyors, scraper flight, bucket, belt apron, grab bucket, telepherage systems. Coal crushers and breakers, hoppers, and coal valves. Storage internal and external - by pile, silo or bunker. Coal weighing lorries, hoppers and coal valves, sketches and descriptions. Ash handling - manual, gravity, hydraulic, submerged cross bar, pneumatic, skip hoist and steam jet conveyor. Simple and compound cyclone fly ash collectors, sketches and descriptions.
12.  Piping: Computation of sizes for water, steam, gas and oil. How installed, allowances for drainage and friction. Flow of steam. Napiers, Briggs, Babcocks, Shitzgrass and Fritsoche's rules. Sizes of piping for pump discharge and feed line to boiler, pipe fittings, expansion joints, U bends, flanges and gaskets. Piping layouts - sketches of sizes, location of piping and valves. Pipe hangers, roll anchors and brackets, pipe coverings.
13.  Pumps: General description of a simplex, duplex, triplex, weir, rotary, centrifugal or vacuum pump, specific knowledge of two types of pumps. Knowledge of proper operation and maintenance. Where and how installed, lubrication. Types of water pistons, packing used and how applied, capacities and applications. Dynamic, friction and velocity heads. What could go wrong. How to calculate size of pump for a feed line to boiler at rating or over-rating.
14.  Air and gas compressor systems: General knowledge of various types of compressor efficiency, isothermal and adiabatic compression. Air compressor valves, automatic, mechanical, types, descriptions, sketches, maintenance. Speed regulation. Governors on steam or diesel engines. Constant speed. Unloaders, closed and open intake, discharge, clearance pocket, description and sketches. Intercooler, aftercooler. Receivers. Cooling systems, descriptions and sketches. Lubrication, types of oil and how applied, danger of too much oil. Safety devices. Inspection and overhauls. Dangers in operation - causes of explosions. Internal combustion engines - principles, operating and maintenance. Installation and general layout of air compression systems. Gas compression - natural, illuminating, gas absorption process, vapor recovery, stabilization and refractionation. Application of compressed air, free air, standard air. Heat of compression, volumetric, compression, mechanical and overall efficiencies. Dew point and humidity.
15. Refrigeration: Cycle of compressor system, theory of how heat is abstracted, common Refrigerants and their physical properties, direct and indirect systems. Purpose, location, description and sketches of a safety head, cylinder, valves, safety valves, condensers, receiver, compressor, oil separator, evaporator. Flow equipment, such as automatic purgers, dehydrators and heat exchanges. Types, descriptions and sketches of condensers, of hand, automatic and thermostatic expansion valves, low and high side float valves. Types and descriptions of compressors, single and double acting, rotary, centrifugal and steam jet. Types and descriptions of evaporators, flooded, dry expansion, convection and forced draft. Electrical controls and control valves. Back pressure and temperature controls. Constant pressure, snap action, check water regulating, valves. High pressure and low water cut outs. Pressure relief devices. Lubrication, selection and characteristics of oils, pour point, viscosity, cloud point and moisture content. Splash feed and forced feed, adding or changing oil, effects of too much oil. Compressor drives, electric, steam, diesel or gas engine. Operating and maintenance of compressor system, starting and stopping. How to charge, reduce or remove refrigerant from system, pumping out condenser and defrosting, dangers in operation, effect of air and how controlled, purging. How ammonia leak is found and stopped. Annual inspection and overhaul. Compressor calculations, cylinder displacement, volumetric efficiency, power requirements for condenser. Brine in refrigeration. Chemistry, brine pumps, corrosion control, congealing, hold over tanks and eutectic plates, liquid cooling and ice making. Absorption systems - intermittent, continuous and Electrolux, description, application, cycle and sketch. The Refrigeration Code.
15.  Steam plant auxiliaries: Super heaters, economizers, air preheaters, feed waterregulators, feed water heaters, temperature regulating valves, impulse, flow meters. Return, float, thermostatic, expansion, dump, differential, siphon, and bucket traps. Back pressure, nonreturn, safety, motor operated and reducing valves, boiler feed pump, governors, air unloaders, expansion joints, steam separators, calorimeters, oil burners, ejectors, siphons, sight, forced and hydrostatic lubricators, automatic expansion valves, simple steam lock, thermostat and diaphragm valves, meters, steam accumulator, internal drum steam washers or separators - descriptions and sketches.
16. Practical knowledge of superheaters, desuperheaters, reheaters, purifiers and attemperators:  Types, locations, advantages, economy, performance, controls, and safety devices.
17. Feed water heaters: Purpose, types, open, closed and extraction. Deaerators, trays, filters, oil separators, back pressure valves. Water seals and meters - location, description, sketches. Temperatures and pressure carried. Saving in fuel. Maintenance, malfunctions.
18. Economizers and air preheaters: Types, advantages and disadvantages, locations, soot removal and soot blowers. Description and sketches, heat balance diagrams.
20. Steam condensers: Fundamental principles, parallel flow, counter current, low level, barometric, low and high vacuum, siphon or ejector. Surface, water or air cooled evaporative. Air pumps, circulating, dry vacuum, centrifugal entrainment, air ejectors. Cooling ponds and towers, types of water, natural and mechanical cooling towers. Sketches and descriptions of various types of condensers and auxiliaries.
21.  External engines: General knowledge of types - simple, compound, triple expansion, quadruple, uniflow, Corilss, high speed and slide valve; specific knowledge of one type. Governors, throttle, transformer, inertia, centrifugal, cutoff. Sketches and descriptions of two types. Types of valves, high speed, Corliss, wheel-lock, simple slide, balanced valves and poppet valves, sketches. How to set valves on various types of engines. Methods of lubrication and application to various parts, positive pressure and hydrostatic cylinder lubricators, centrifugal crank pin oilers and chain oiling. How engines are started and how shut down. Maintenance and care, dangers. Indicators, indicator diagrams and how to interpret the same. Indicated horse power, brake horse power, pony brake, mechanical efficiency cycle, heat balance of engine.
22.  Steam turbines: Fundamental principles of operation, classification of steam turbines. General knowledge of types - Impulse, Rateau, Curtiss, De Laval, Terry, Kerr Sturtevant, Coppus Reaction, Parsons, Allis Chalmers, Westinghouse, Brown Bovery, Ljungstron, General Electric and Worthington. Compound, exhaust steam, mixed, back pressure, pass out or bleeder turbines; specific knowledge of one type. Diagrammatical sketches showing compounding by pressure and velocity in impulse and reaction turbines. Assembly of blades, nozzles and diaphragms in various forms. Dummy pistons, Kingsbury thrust bearings, etc. Turbine glands and gland sealing. Hydraulic, carbon ring and labyrinth glands. Lubrication forced and combined. Automatic regulating valves for auxiliary oil pump, description and sketch. Types and properties of oils. Sketch of forced lubrication system. Oil filters and purifiers. Governors and governing. Types, descriptions and sketches. Emergency stops and controls, descriptions and sketches. A general knowledge of installation. Preheating and drainage of turbines. Starting and stopping turbines. Inspection and overhauling. Turbine troubles and how corrected, erosion of blading stresses in turbine rotors, critical speed of turbine rotors.
23.  Electricity: A practical knowledge of electromagnetism. Ohms. Coulomb, Joules, and Kirchoffs Laws. Laws of induction, self-inductance, mutual inductance. Current in revolving loop. Direct current generators. Field frame, magnetic poles and windings, armature core and windings, commutator brush rigging and brushes. Sine curve. Commutation, excitation, characteristics of series, shunt and compound generators. Operation of machines in parallel. Starting and control of D.C. generators. Direct current motors. Types, characteristics and applications. Effect of armature reaction. How to install brush rigging and brushes on D.C. motors. Starting and control of D.C. motors. Types of controls and connection diagrams. No voltage release. Overload release. Alternating current generators. Alternators, types, single and polyphase, revolving armature, revolving field induction, self excited, separately excited, slow or high speed. How does AC produce a revolving magnetic field. Description of mechanical construction, rotor, stator, slip rings, bush gear, damper or amortisseur windings, exciter how started, how controlled, how stopped. Phasing out, synchronizing, operation in parallel, division of load. Starting, pull in and pull out torque's. Description of starting equipment and connection diagrams. Voltage regulation and regulators. A. C. Motors. Theory, revolving magnetic field, slip, running speed, no load and full load. Types, squirrel cage, wound rotor, single phase, synchronous motors. Converters. Construction, characteristics and applications. Multispeed squirrel cage motors. Classification of A. C. motors, open, semienclosed, totally enclosed, fan cooled, enclosed ventilation, vertical motors. Starting and control of A.C. motors. Types of controls and connection diagrams. No voltage released.      Overload release. Switch gear, circuit breakers, relays, rheostats, switchboards, instrument transformers, bus bars, disconnects. Description and sketches. Connection diagrams for switchboards and motor converter sets. Electrical meters - ohmmeter, voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter, watt hour meter, frequency meter, synchroscope, fundamentals and applications. Power factor - meaning, factors controlling power factor, effect on generators, motors and lines, how improved. Transformers - principles and types, core and shell types. Construction of core and coils, cooling, windings and connections. Losses and regulation. Electrical calculations and conversion factors. Horse power ratings and speeds of motors and generators, comparison with boiler and engine horse power. Ratings of circuit breakers. Computation of size of motor, generator or transformer for various applications. Service factor. Calculations needed in power     factor improvement. General knowledge of electric boilers - construction, controls, operation. Lubrication, oil ring, grease closures for all and roller bearings, inverters and batteries.
23.  Testing and measuring apparatus: Coal meters, fluid meters, steam flow meters and recorders, Bourdon pressure and vacuum gauges, draft gauges, recording draft and vacuum gauges, thermometers, pyrometers, flue gas analyzer apparatus, CO2 recorders, calorimeters, Bailey smoke density recorder, counters, tachometers, dynamometers, pony brake, boiler control panels - description and sketches.
25. Ecology: Ecosystems, water quality control, general criteria for all waters, water treatment, wastewater treatment, sterilization, air quality control, impurities in the air, sources of air impurities, particulate matter.
26.  Heating, air conditioning. and ventilation: Fundamentals of control and measurement,
    electric and pneumatic control circuits, zone and unit controls, controllers, types. Actuators, types. Valves and relays. Piping, fans and duct work. Vacuum and plenum systems in mechanical ventilation. Radiation, gravity and vacuum steam systems. Designs, installation, operation and maintenance. Descriptions and sketches of HVAC systems.
27.    Feed water conditioning: Scale, what it is and what causes it; dangers of an excess.
Impurities generally found in raw waters; characteristics and chemical formulas. Methods of conditioning; internal and external treatment, hot and cold lime soda, zeolite, demineralization, ion and anion exchanges and supplementary phosphate treatments. Caustic soda and its application. Water analysis, parts per million, grains per gallon, tests, soap hardness, alkalinity (PM and PH), chloride, sulfite, phosphate, total dissolved solids, use of chelants. Value of blow down (both main and continuous), how controlled and measured. Meaning of carry over, priming, foaming, embrittlement, corrosion, grooving, how prevented, sketches of one form of external     treatment.
28. Rating, efficiency, and testing of steam boilers: Heat output in steam units. Units of evaporation - actual, factor of, and equivalent, evaporation. Horse power rating - ratio of heating surface to performance - (1) efficiency, (2) rate of combustion per grate surface, (3) rate of combustion per pound of fuel, (4) heat transferred per square feet of heating surface, (5) heat liberated per cubic feet of furnace volume - unit testing, comparison with standard or guaranteed results. Recording of data and results of a boiler test run.
29. Mathematics: Knowledge of how to find the area and circumference of a circle and the volume of a cylinder, pyramid and cone. Also, the volume of the frustums of pyramids and cones; how to find the area of the segment and zone of a sphere. Knowledge of algebra of simultaneous and quadratic equations and logarithms. Working knowledge of problems as covered in boiler construction and repair through the use of the A.S.M.E. Code or jurisdiction code. Understanding of the relationship between the sides of right angle triangle. Knowledge of the methods of solving problems relating to a train of gears, pulley sizes - rope blocks, screw jacks, levers, wheels, and axles, etc. Definite understanding of the meaning of the factor of evaporation, equivalent evaporation, latent heat, total heat; of problems involving the abstraction or addition of heat relative to heating water or making ice or steam. How to solve problems involving heat calculations of steam production, boiler efficiency and horsepower; also to compare boiler performances. How to find the horse power of an engine from an indicator diagram by a pony brake or a dynamometer. How to solve problems involving specific gravity and specific heat, Boyles and Charles Laws, the parallelogram of forces, Newton's Law. How to solve questions covering economy of operation relative to fuel and labor costs. How to calculate heating surface and horsepower ratings of various types of boilers.
30. Physics, mechanics and chemistry: Matter, force weight. Two or three acting at a point. Triangle, polygon and parallelogram of force. Movements, parallel forces. Couples, center of gravity. Work, mechanical advantage, velocity ratio, energy, power, efficiency. Friction, velocity, acceleration, inertia. Transmission of motion and power. Hydraulics, Machines, levers, pulleys, wheel and axle, inclined plane. Heat. Measurement. Expansion rate. Charles-Guy Lussac, Boyles Laws. Theory of siphon and barometer. Losses in power and heat transmission through modern steam plant. Joules equivalent. Chemistry. Quantitative Laws. Colloids, periodic law, structure of atom, atomic weights of elements related to combustion. A general knowledge of such metals as copper, brass, iron, magnesium, calcium, zinc, aluminum, lead, antimony, nickel, steel. The alkali metals, lithium, sodium, potassium, etc.
31  Internal Combustion: Types, what they are used for, 2 stroke, 4 stroke, fuels, gasfuels, compression ratio, construction, solid fuel systems, lubrication system, air intake systems, exhaust systems, injector systems, maintenance on and off line. Descriptions and sketches of internal combustion engine systems.
32. Gas Turbines/ Combined Cycles: Thermodynamic principles, heat energy, power laws, Combustion theory. Gas Turbine theory, Brayton Cycle, Rankine Cycle, Simple Cycle Gas Turbine . Gas Turbine construction, aeroderivative, heavy duty industrial, combustion system and arrangement , annular combustion system, silo type combustion system, can annular combustion system. Gas Turbine Compressor System Gas Turbine Cooling System, Turbine Blade Cooling System. Environmental Aspects, Gaseous fuels, coal gasfication, solids fuels. Bearing System, Lubrication System. Heat Recovery Steam Generators, Operating System, function, principles of operation, HRSG low pressure section, intermediate section, high pressure section and components. Duct burners, economizer, fresh air systems, HRSG auxiliary systems. . Descriptions and sketches of Combined Cycle Units.
33. Management:  The human factor, methods, time and motion, work analysis, work, improvement, records, charts and diagrams, work sampling, quality control.
35.  Economics: Elementary economic concepts, evolution of economic activity, economic systems, production, organization, marketing, risk transportation, consumption, supply and demand, money credit and banking, changing value of money, distribution of income, population problem, labor problems, public utilities.
36. Maintenance programs: Meaning and scope of maintenance control, developing yardsticks and benchmarks for measuring maintenance principles of control, forecasting, preventive maintenance programs, work authorization, planning, routing, material control, tool control, scheduling.
37. Supervision: Human relations, the art of supervising, controlling manpower, establishing controls, work procedures, establishing training, safety, work schedules establishing control through reports and follow-up per OSHA instructions.
38.  Technical Writing: How to write a business letter, memoranda, data sheet, writing technical explanations. Report writing, gathering data, format, use of different types of reports. Reading of related subject matter.
39.  Practical knowledge of various types of steam power plants: Simple non-condensing, elementary condensing, turbo alternator plants, central stations, high-pressure plants, super pressure plants. Layout, heat distribution and cycle by description and sketch.
40. Lubrication:  Oils - vegetable, animal and mineral. Physical tests and applications. Lubrications, oil cups, telescopic oil ring, centrifugal, pendulum, hydrostatic, sight feed, forced feed, gravity, compressed air feed, filters and by-pass systems.
41.  Working sketches, as required of general equipment in the above sections:
Need not be to scale, but should be in general proportion. Details of parts could be enlarged adjacent to sketch if necessary.
42.  Machine and mechanical drawing of a test piece:
Showing as many views as will show all dimensions. Drawing must be to scale. Neatness and accuracy are essential. Details must be shown sufficiently that an identical piece can be made from the drawing.
43. Erection: Foundations, layout, form building, templates, lining up engines, method of bedding shaft, fitting, testing alignment, grouting, assembly, adjustment, testing, etc.
44.  Real property improvement: Nature and scope, determining the value of property and equipment, inventory, depreciation, estimating endurance and use, control of repair and rehabilitation.
45. Computer Literacy: Spreadsheet, word processing, project managing, time Management.

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